Now, the esophageal wall has four layers.

食管壁由四层结构组成。

Is it oropharyngeal or esophageal dysphagia?

是口咽部还是食道部吞咽困难？

And she had a T.I.P.P.S. procedure last month for esophageal varices.

因食管静脉曲张，上月做了颈静脉肝内门体分流术。

And it's the same color as my cadaver's esophageal sphincter.

而且，这甜品的颜色跟我解剖尸体的食管括约肌一样。

Esophageal phase, in which the food passes down the esophagus, via peristalsis, into the stomach.

食道期，食物通过蠕动沿食道向下进入胃。

The mucosa comes into direct contact with food, and it protects the esophageal wall from friction.

黏膜层与食物直接接触，同时承受摩擦，保护食管壁。

The testing of the Owlstone breathalyzer is currently limited to patients with suspected esophageal and stomach cancers.

欧尔通呼吸测试仪的测试目前仅限于食道癌和胃癌的疑似患者。

Esophageal cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths around the world. Most cases are reported in developing countries.

食道癌是全球癌症患者死亡的主要原因。大多发生在发展中国家。

Barrett’s esophagus, which can elevate the risk of esophageal cancer.

巴雷特食管，可增加患食管癌的风险。

So oral bacteria might increase the risk of esophageal cancer, especially porphyromonas gingivalis, which has been detected in cancerous tissues.

口腔细菌还可能会增加食管癌的风险，尤其是牙龈卟啉单胞菌，其已在癌组织中被检测到。

This can cause pulmonary aspiration of esophageal contents, which may cause symptoms like coughing and dyspnea.

瘘管的存在会导致肺部误吸食管内容物，从而出现咳嗽、呼吸困难等症状。

But for breast and esophageal cancer, the risk increases, albeit slightly, with any alcohol consumption.

但对于乳腺癌和食道癌来说，饮酒后患乳腺癌和食道癌的风险会略有增加，尽管略有增加。

Alright, as a quick recap, esophageal cancer is the uncontrolled growth of esophageal epithelial cells.

得！快速回顾一下：食管癌指的是食管上皮细胞的不受控生长。

Clearly there are esophageal varices, but we don't know what's going on in the gastric varices.

明明有食管静脉曲张，但我们不知道胃静脉曲张是怎么回事。

Nerves in the surrounding esophageal tissue sense the bolus's presence and trigger peristalsis, a series of defined muscular contractions.

周围食管组织中的神经感知推注的存在并触发蠕动，这是一系列明确的肌肉收缩。

And if a child succeeds in swallowing a button cell, the battery may short-circuit in the moist esophageal environment, burning the tissue.

而且如果儿童真的不幸吞下，电池可能会因为食道的潮湿环境短路从而烧坏身体组织。

In the esophagus, this causes esophageal varices or enlarged esophageal veins.

在食管，这会造成食管静脉曲张或者扩张的食管静脉。

Additionally, the lower esophageal sphincter is tightly closed between meals to prevent acid reflux.

另外，食管下括约肌在不进食时会保持强力收缩状态，来防止胃酸返流。

When the cancer invades and perforates the entire esophageal wall, it can invade the trachea in front of it, forming a fistula.

当肿瘤侵袭并穿透食管壁全层，会入侵位于前方的气管，从而形成瘘管。

Over time, constant acid leakage from heartburn may form scar tissue which narrows the esophageal tube, making it harder to swallow food.

随着时间的推移，胃灼热引起的持续酸渗漏可能会形成疤痕组织，从而使食道管变窄，使吞咽食物变得更加困难。