And leukoplakia specifically relates to a white plaque with no clear underlying cause.

口腔黏膜白斑特指没有明确诱的白色斑块。

These leukoplakias are usually painless but can't be easily scraped away.

这些白斑通常引起疼痛，但被轻易刮去。

Early on, these lesions are usually pretty thin, so it's called thin leukoplakia.

在早期，这些变往往较轻，此可以将其称作薄白斑。

Now, the exact cause for leukoplakia is unknown, but a known risk factor is tobacco use.

现在我们明确口腔黏膜白斑的致，但有一个明确的高：即烟草的使用。

At the cellular level, leukoplakia typically shows a thickened keratin layer.

从细胞学层面看，口腔黏膜白斑的典型表现是增厚的角质层。

The first one of these is leukoplakia, where leuko- means white and -plakia means a flat, raised patch or plaque.

第一种是口腔黏膜白斑：leuko-意为白色，-plakia意为隆起的、表面平整的斑块。

Now, a lesion that looks like leukoplakia, but isn't, is an area of frictional keratosis.

如图是一种看起来像口腔黏膜白斑，但其实是的损——摩擦性角化。

Signs of precancerous development include areas of leukoplakia, erythroplakia, erythroleukoplakia or any other abnormal appearing tissue or masses.

癌前征象包括口腔黏膜白斑、红斑、红白斑或出现其它正常的组织或肿块。

These can either go away on their own, remain unchanged, or grow and become thicker, at which point it's called thick leukoplakia.

这类薄的白斑可自行消失、保持原状或变厚；一旦变厚，就发展成了厚白斑。

However, leukoplakia is considered a precancerous condition, meaning that compared to normal tissue, it's more likely to develop into a cancer in the future.

但是，口腔黏膜白斑被认为是一种癌前变，意思是相对于正常组织来说，它在未来发展成癌症的可性更大。

If it becomes bumpy it's called nodular leukoplakia, and if it becomes wart-like it's called verrucous leukoplakia.

如果白斑表面变得凹凸平，便称之为结节状黏膜白斑；如果白斑的形状像疣，则称其为疣状黏膜白斑。

Erythroplakias are more serious than leukoplakia because almost always when they are removed and examined under the microscope they will show severe dysplasia, or early cancer.

黏膜红斑要比黏膜白斑严重得多，为在显微镜下观察这些组织时，它们几乎都表现出了明显的异型增生，或癌变早期征象。

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia can turn into a particular type of squamous cell cancer called verrucous carcinoma, and it's also sometimes called snuff-dipper's cancer since it is more common among users of snuff and other forms of chewing tobacco.

增生性疣状白斑可发展成一种特殊的鳞状细胞癌，即疣状癌，有时也叫作“鼻烟”癌，为这在鼻烟和其它形式的嚼烟使用者中更常见。