We're talking bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, the categories that include mosses and ferns, liverworts, and more.

们是苔藓植和无籽维管植，这类植包括苔藓、蕨类、苔类等。

Another type of seedless vascular plant is ferns, also known as monilophytes.

另一种无籽维管植是蕨类植，也被称为单生植。

As you can tell, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants are not simply low-to-the-ground lurkers.

正如你所知，苔藓植和无籽维管植并不是简单地下潜伏者。

You can find that in the seedless grapes sometimes.

有时您可在无籽葡萄中找到这一点。

Although many of the early seedless vascular plants have gone extinct, you can still find some of them growing today.

虽然许多早期无籽维管植已经灭绝了，但你仍然可发现它们中一些在今天生长。

And they don't contain vascular tissue, the water and transport system found in all other plants, which developed later with seedless vasculars.

它们不含维管组织，这是所有其他植中发现水和运输系统，这些植后来发展出无籽维管。

All right, and then the secret weapon in the world of seedless pepper flakes, this is a Turkish maras biber.

好吧， 然后是无籽胡椒片世界秘密武器，这是土耳其 maras biber。

Well, the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants were some of the first plants to arise from that event — and many of them still exist today!

苔藓植和无籽维管植是第一批从那次事件中产生植，其中许多今天仍然存在！

I mean the breadfruit tree, which is quite abundant on Gueboroa Island, and there I chiefly noted the seedless variety that in Malaysia is called rima.

是面包树，在格波罗尔岛上，这种树非常多，特别留心那没有核仁一种，马来亚语管它叫利马。

Next time, we'll be using these tools to uncover the history of plants, starting with bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, some of the earliest plants on Earth.

下节课，们将用这些工具来揭开植历史，从苔藓植和无籽维管植开始，它们是地球上最早植。

So, a few hundred million years later, a cousin of the bryophytes showed up, Seedless Vascular Plants forming another branch on the plant family tree: seedless vascular plants.

因此，几亿年后，苔藓植表亲无籽维管植出现了，形成了植家族树另一个分支：无籽维管植。

From seedless watermelons, to bean plants that can survive frigid winters, to regular ol' broccoli, so much of what we find in the produce section we've altered in one way or another.

从无籽西瓜，到能在寒冷冬天存活豆类植，再到普通西兰花，们在农产品区找到很多东西都被们这样或那样方式改变了。

So, bryophytes and seedless vasculars can tell us a lot about how plants evolved over time, like how an older relative can tell you what life was like before cell phones or the Internet, or microwave popcorn.

所，苔藓植和无籽维管植可告诉们很多关于植如何随着时间进化信息，就像一个年长亲戚如何告诉你在手机、互联网或微波爆米花出现之前生活是什么样子。

On top of that, seedless vascular plants — and all plants that evolved after them — have a dominant sporophyte, meaning that what we tend to recognize as the plant is actually its sporophyte generation.

最重要是，无籽维管植——及在它们之后进化所有植——都有一个显性孢子体，这意味着们倾向于认为植实际上是它孢子体一代。

" No stranger than that Luther Burbank who was born on a farm in Massachusetts should have produced a seedless orange or that Henry Ford who was born on a farm in Michigan should have invented a Tin Lizzie" .

“出生在马萨诸塞州农场 Luther Burbank 应该生产无籽橙子，或者出生在密歇根州农场 Henry Ford 应该发明 Tin Lizzie，这并不奇怪”。

Having a dominant sporophyte introduced lots of advantages — like, while the spore-making generation of a bryophyte couldn't grow very far off the ground; the sporophytes of seedless vascular plants could grow much taller and larger, with more room for spore-producing organs.

拥有一个优势孢子体带来了很多好处——比如，苔藓植产孢体不能长得离地面很远；而无籽维管植孢子体可长得更高更大，有更多空间容纳产孢器官。