In addition, serum amylase, lipase and bilirubin might sometimes be elevated.

此外，血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶和素有时可能升高。

Alright, so the other type is bilirubin or pigmented gallstones.

素，或称色素。

Well, actually pigmented gallstones are made of unconjugated bilirubin.

然而，事实上素是由非合素构成。

The brownness is due to this mix of unconjugated or hydrolyzed bilirubin and phospholipids.

褐色源自未合素，或水解素，和磷脂混合物。

These ones, again, are pretty self-explanatory and are made mostly of bilirubin and therefore are pigmented.

这类，顾名思义，主要由素构成，因此含有色素。

Usually though, bile salts bind up the calcium ions and keep them from binding with and precipitating unconjugated bilirubin.

通常情况下，盐会合钙离子，此阻止钙离子与非合素合并沉淀。

I thought there was only conjugated bilirubin in bile?

这是怎么回事？难道汁里不是只有合素？

Since it's the bilirubin in bile, we'd maybe assume that they're made of conjugated bilirubin, right?

由于是汁中素，我们大概会认为它们是由合素构成，对吧？

Jaundice actually occurs when your blood contains an excess of the molecule bilirubin.

当您血液中含有过量素分子时， 就会出现黄疸。

Recycling of that heme group yields unconjugated bilirubin, which at high concentration can cause scleral icterus, jaundice, and bilirubin gall stones.

亚铁血素循环利用会产生非合素，其浓度过高会导致巩膜黄染、黄疸与素。

These are made when there's too much bilirubin in the bile and it has combined with calcium to form the solid precipitate calcium bilirubinate.

当汁中含有过量素时会形成此类，由素与钙合形成固体沉淀物素钙。

It manufactures blood proteins, destroys old erythrocytes and releases bilirubin, removes poisons (detoxificatien) from the blood, stores and releases glycogen needed by the body.

它生产血浆蛋白，破坏衰老细胞并释放素，从血液中去除毒素（解毒作用），储存和释放身体所需糖原。

Although cirrhosis usually affects adults, even newborns can have complications like jaundice, or buildup of bilirubin in the blood, on account of poor excretion by the liver.

尽管肝硬化多见于成年人，但新生儿也可有相应并发症，如黄疸，或由于肝脏代谢不良导致血液中淤积素。

Frequently affected organs include the liver, where the bacterial toxins damage liver sinusoids and hepatocytes, causing bilirubin to spill into the bloodstream - which clinically translates as jaundice.

肝脏是常见受累器官，细菌释放毒素破坏肝窦及肝细胞，导致素释放入血液循环，在临床上表现为黄疸。

Well the vast majority is conjugated, but there is a small amount of unconjugated bilirubin in bile, only about 1-2% of total bilirubin, which is only 1% of bile.

其实汁中绝大部分是合素，但仍有少量非合素，仅占总素1-2%，占汁1%。

And he was turning yellow and then orange with jaundice, with these high levels of bilirubin and just started to scratch and claw and was really, really miserable.

由于黄疸，素含量很高，他皮肤颜色变黄，然后变成橙色，他开始抓挠，真非常非常痛苦。

And, since the liver usually conjugates bilirubin, there'll be increased unconjugated bilirubin in the blood from a less-functional liver and that can lead to jaundice.

还有，由于肝脏能把血液中过多非合素转变成合素，肝脏功能减退还会引起血液中非合素升高，引发黄疸。

With extravascular hemolysis, we have macrophages eating up red blood cells more than normal and unconjugated bilirubin production is ramped up, which is conjugated by the liver and sent to the gallbladder.

血管外溶血时，巨噬细胞吞噬细胞，较正常时更多，进而加速了非合素产生，非合素在肝脏转变为合素，并输送至囊。

Gallstones can be made up of bilirubin, called pigment gallstones, or cholesterol, called cholesterol stones, or maybe they're made up of both, and when they roll around and are in contact with the epithelial cells, they can cause inflammation.

可由素组成，称为色素；或者由固醇组成，称为固醇；或者由素和固醇两种成分混合组成；当四处滚动，碰撞到上皮细胞，可引起炎症反应。