However, Legionella has a type IVB secretion system, which uses effector proteins to prevent phagolysosomal fusion.

但是，军团菌有一套IVB分泌系统，会利用效应蛋白阻碍吞噬体和溶酶体的融合。

Finally, the integration center sends signals to effectors, which then act to restore homeostatic balance.

最，整合中心向效应器发送信号，然效应器采取行动恢复体内平衡。

Efferent neurons transmit signals from the CNS to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons.

传出经元将来自CNS的信号传递到效应细胞，有时为运动经元。

From there, the postganglionic fibers are super short — just long enough to communicate with their effector.

从那里，经纤维超短——刚好足够长以与它们的效应器交流。

By contrast, most parasympathetic ganglia are found way out from the spine — near, or even inside of their effector organs.

相比之下，多数副交感经在远离脊柱的地方——靠近，甚至在它们的效应器官内部。

But you gotta wonder — or at least I gotta wonder: how do these neurons and effectors actually communicate with each other?

但是你会好奇，至少我会好奇：这些经元和效应器实际上是如何相互交流的？

Even if it's the same chemical. And to an effector, hormonal norepinephrine is just as good as neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

即使是相同的化学物质。对于效应物来说，荷尔蒙去甲肾上腺素和经递质去甲肾上腺素一样好。

Well, it all depends on the particular kind of receptors that an effector has for receiving that chemical.

嗯，这完全取决于效应器接收这种化学物质的特定受体。

Since parasympathetic ganglia are so close to, or even inside of, their effector organs, the preganglionic fibers are a lot longer.

由于副交感经如此接近其效应器官甚至在它们的内部，前纤维要长得多。

Instead, they run right from the brain almost all the way to their effectors.

相反，它们几乎从脑一直运行到它们的效应器。

It's what crosses that final synapse and creates a response in the effector, like opening up blood vessels that lead to the leg muscles.

它穿过最的突触，在效应物中产反应，就像打开通向腿部肌肉的血管。

And an effector is just any structure that receives and reacts to a motor neuron's signal, like a muscle contracting or a gland secreting a hormone.

效应器只是任何接收运动经元信号并做出反应的结构，就像肌肉收缩或腺体分泌激素一样。

Once the integration center interprets the signal, it transmits the message to motor neurons, which send an action potential back down your leg, where it reaches an effector.

一旦整合中心释了信号，它就会将信息传输到运动经元，运动经元将动作电位发送回你的腿，到达效应器。

In addition to nerve fibers that lead to ganglia and then your effectors, there's also a set leaving the spinal cord that goes directly to your adrenal glands.

除了通向经和效应器的经纤维，还有一组离开脊髓直接进入肾上腺。

It's up to those neurotransmitters and hormones, and the receptors on the corresponding effectors, to make sure that everyone is on the same page.

这取决于那些经递质和激素，以及相应效应器上的受体，确保家都保持着统一的步调。

They extend from the cranium and sacrum where they start, out to the lungs or liver or bladder — wherever their effector is — where they reach their ganglion.

它们从颅骨和骶骨开始，延伸到肺、肝或膀胱——无论它们的效应器在哪里——它们会抵达经。

Their nerve fibers originate in different parts of the body, the ganglia of the sympathetic system are located close to the spinal cord, while the ganglia of the parasympathetic system are close to their effectors.

它们的经纤维起源于身体的不同部位，交感系统的经位于靠近脊髓的地方，而副交感经系统的经靠近它们的效应器。

The sympathetic nervous system is set up in such a way that even a small stress signal sent down one path could trigger a response in many effectors at once.

交感经系统是这样建立的，即使是沿着一条路径发出的微小压力信号也能同时触发许多效应器的反应。

And that one, in turn, leads to an effector organ, where it synapses again to create whatever response was signaled — like sending more blood to your skeletal muscles, or making your heart pump faster.

这根经纤维又导致一个效应器官，在那里它再次突触以产所发出的任何反应——比如向骨骼肌输送更多的血液，或者让你的心脏泵速加快。

For now you learned that your sympathetic nervous system controls your body's stress response and how the signals in your sympathetic nervous system travel to an effector, using the neurotransmitters acetylcholine in the ganglion and norepinephrine at the effector.

现在你知道了你的交感经系统控制你身体的压力反应，以及交感经系统中的信号如何传递到效应物，使用经中的经递质乙酰胆碱和效应物处的去甲肾上腺素。