Now, the esophageal wall has four layers.

食壁由四层结构组成。

Is it oropharyngeal or esophageal dysphagia?

是口咽部还是食道部吞咽困难？

And she had a T.I.P.P.S. procedure last month for esophageal varices.

因食静脉曲张，上颈静脉肝内门体分流术。

And it's the same color as my cadaver's esophageal sphincter.

而且，这甜品颜色跟我解剖尸体食括约肌一样。

Esophageal phase, in which the food passes down the esophagus, via peristalsis, into the stomach.

食道期，食物通过蠕动沿食道向下进入胃。

The mucosa comes into direct contact with food, and it protects the esophageal wall from friction.

黏膜层与食物直接接触，同时承受摩擦，保护食壁。

The testing of the Owlstone breathalyzer is currently limited to patients with suspected esophageal and stomach cancers.

欧尔通呼吸测试仪测试目前仅限于食道和胃疑似患者。

Esophageal cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths around the world. Most cases are reported in developing countries.

食道是全球症患者死亡主要原因。大多数病例发生在发展中国家。

Barrett’s esophagus, which can elevate the risk of esophageal cancer.

巴雷特食，可增加患食风险。

So oral bacteria might increase the risk of esophageal cancer, especially porphyromonas gingivalis, which has been detected in cancerous tissues.

口腔细菌还可能会增加食风险，尤其是牙龈卟啉单胞菌，其已在组织中被检测到。

This can cause pulmonary aspiration of esophageal contents, which may cause symptoms like coughing and dyspnea.

瘘存在会导致肺部误吸食内容物，从而出现咳嗽、呼吸困难等症状。

But for breast and esophageal cancer, the risk increases, albeit slightly, with any alcohol consumption.

但对于乳腺和食道来说，饮酒后患乳腺和食道风险会略有增加，尽略有增加。

Alright, as a quick recap, esophageal cancer is the uncontrolled growth of esophageal epithelial cells.

得！快速回顾一下：食指是食上皮细胞不受控生长。

Clearly there are esophageal varices, but we don't know what's going on in the gastric varices.

明明有食静脉曲张，但我们不知道胃静脉曲张是怎么回事。

And if a child succeeds in swallowing a button cell, the battery may short-circuit in the moist esophageal environment, burning the tissue.

而且如果儿童真不幸吞下，电池可能会因为食道潮湿环境短路从而烧坏身体组织。

Nerves in the surrounding esophageal tissue sense the bolus's presence and trigger peristalsis, a series of defined muscular contractions.

周围食组织中神经感知推注存在并触发蠕动，这是一系列明确肌肉收缩。

In the esophagus, this causes esophageal varices or enlarged esophageal veins.

在食，这会造成食静脉曲张或者扩张食静脉。

Additionally, the lower esophageal sphincter is tightly closed between meals to prevent acid reflux.

另外，食下括约肌在不进食时会保持强力收缩状态，来防止胃酸返流。

When the cancer invades and perforates the entire esophageal wall, it can invade the trachea in front of it, forming a fistula.

当肿瘤侵袭并穿透食壁全层，会入侵位于前方气，从而形成瘘。

And some cancers use other staging criteria, like esophageal cancers, which are staged based on how deeply the tumor invades the layers of tissue.

还有一些症使用其他分期标准，比如食道，其分期标准是肿瘤侵入组织层深度。