In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天的节目里，我们要探索音。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

音让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都音，声音慢慢地发出你会听到声。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，音指的气流有一部分被阻滞。

Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破音一爆破音和后面的音组成。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后清音或“安静”音，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另一的方法爆破音加上音等于破音。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另一种辅音音。

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 音。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽音、西班牙的颤音、法国的小舌音？

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 音。 Thh, vvv 也音。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某些情况下，清音开始像“f”一样发音（例如笑、咳嗽）。

The rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

规则如下：浊音出现在清音之前时， 将转换为相应的清音。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性的话，只用两词描述即可，如 [m] 双唇鼻音，[j] 硬腭通音，[h] 声门音。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一边音，既可以称作齿龈边音，也可以直接简称为边音。在英语元音符号的形式上，不同的作者曾使用不同的符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中的通用符号体系来转写 RP 的元音 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不直接从国际音标表中复制的，而基于国际音标表的一种适用于英语发音描述的变通版本。