Glucose is the most important member of the sugar family and it's a monosaccharide.

葡萄是类大家族中最重要一员，它是一种单。

This is a simple sugar, or monosaccharide.

这是一种结构简单，或者叫单。

Finally, there's the monosaccharide, galactose, known as milk sugar.

最后还有一种单叫半乳，常与乳并论。

Another monosaccharide is fructose which is commonly found in honey, fruits, and root vegetables.

另有一种单称为果，通常存在于蜂蜜、水果和根类蔬菜里。

So simple sugars, whether they're natural or added, are mixtures of monosaccharides or disaccharides.

前述简单类，不管是天然还是添加，都是单与双混合物。

These are maltase, sucrase, and lactase, which break down the short chains of sugars called oligosaccharides into simple sugars, called monosaccharides.

它们包括麦芽酶、蔗酶与乳酶；它们能将称为寡链聚合分解成简单类，或称单。

During digestion, your body breaks down those complex carbohydrates into their monosaccharide building blocks, which your cells can use for energy.

在消化过程中，你身体把那些复合碳水化合物分解成它们单单元，你细胞可以利用 这些单来获得能量。

When energy is needed - all three monosaccharides are metabolized through glycolysis, then the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

当机体需要能量时，三种单就会通过酵解、三羧酸循环、氧化磷酸化进行能量代谢。

The main thing you need to know is that the monosaccharide glucose is the be-all-end-all molecular fuel that your cells need to make ATP.

你需要知道主要事情是单葡萄是你细胞制造三磷酸腺苷所需最重要分子燃料。

Now when you eat something like a piece of onion bread, enzymes start breaking down disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides into monosaccharides so they can be absorbed.

当你吃东西时，比方说一片洋葱面包，消化酶便开始将食物中双、寡、多分解为单，以便人体吸收。

Monosaccharides link together through glycosidic bonding, which is when an " OH" from the carbon on one monosaccharide bonds with an " H" from the carbon of another monosaccharide.

单之间通过苷键连接，即一个单分子碳原子上羟基与另一个单分子碳原子上氢原子缩合。

The individual monosaccharides that result from the digestion of larger carbohydrate molecules - glucose, fructose, and galactose - cross the gut lining and get into the bloodstream to get used by the body.

从大分子碳水化合物水解而来单分子（包括葡萄、果、半乳）可经肠壁吸收入血供机体利用。

Consider starch and fiber, both polysaccharides, both derived from plants, both composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined together, but they're joined together differently, and that changes the effect they have on your body.

拿淀粉和纤维来说，它们都是多，都是从植物中获得，也都由成百上千个单连接而成，但是它们连接方式不同，这就改变了它们对你身体影响。

Different enzymes help to break different linkages - for example amylases break down large polysaccharides like starch into smaller units, whereas lactase, sucrase, and maltase break down lactose, sucrose, and maltose into their monosaccharides.

不同消化酶能分解特定链，比如淀粉酶可以将淀粉等多分解为小分子，而乳酶、蔗酶、麦芽酶则分别可将乳、蔗、麦芽降解为应单。

In the case of maltose, that leaves an alpha 1-4-glycosidic bond which is a bond between carbon number 1 of one glucose monosaccharide and carbon number 4 of the other glucose monosaccharide.

以麦芽为例，这个缩合过程形成苷键称为α-1，4苷键，即一个葡萄分子1号碳与另一个葡萄分子4号碳连接。