With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原基因变为基因，这些基因过度刺激细胞。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致基因加速细胞殖，而抑基因使细胞殖变慢。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

因此，基因或突变的抑基因使细胞不受控制地，导致肿瘤发。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭杆菌属是口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激活基因的细菌。

The second crucial mutation can happen in your  oncogenes.

第二个关键突变可能发在基因中。

So if for example, your oncogenes switch back  on, they make oncogene proteins.

例如，如果您的基因重新启动，它们就会产基因蛋白质。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原基因（如表皮因子受体基因、RAS基因）被激活时，它们就变成了促进细胞分裂的基因。

Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.

射线到辐射再到饮食，任何因素都可能激活一个休眠的致基因，但具体机制仍然未知。

One new treatment relies on a test to identify damaged genes called oncogenes that allow cancer cells to grow and spread.

一种新疗法是识别出名为致基因的破损基因，这种基因能使得细胞发展和蔓延。

When oncogenes are turned on the cell is told to multiply rapidly.

当基因被打开时，细胞就会迅速繁殖。

The results showed that patients whose driver oncogenes were specifically targeted lived, on average, a year longer than those who received standard chemotherapy.

结果显示其致基因因子得到针对性地治疗的患者存活了，平均来说他们比那些接受标准化疗的患者多活一年。

When your oncogenes get corrupted,   they basically turn on again.

当你的基因被破坏时，它们基本上会再次开启。

If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.

如果几个致基因被激活，细胞无法关闭它们，就会变成细胞。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性基因表达或肿瘤抑制基因丢失时，可发异常细胞分裂。

Oncologist Mark Kris from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center led a study that examined the role oncogenes play in the spread of cancer.

史隆凯特林症中心的肿瘤专家马克·克里斯负责了一项检验致基因在症蔓延中所起作用的研究。

52 This suggests oncogene addiction, as seen occasionally and originally when first-generation EGFR-TKIs were withdrawn from patients with EGFR mutations.

52 这表明致基因成瘾，正如最初在 EGFR 突变患者体内撤回第一代 EGFR-TKI 时偶尔看到的那样。

Unlike other targetable oncogene drivers in NSCLC, KRAs G12C is most common in smokers Until recently, KRAS was an undruggable target.

与 NSCLC 中的其他靶向基因驱动因素不同，KRA G12C 在吸烟者中最常见。直到最近，KRAS 仍是一个不可药物治疗的靶点。

But if it happens in certain genes that are important in cancer, like oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, it can create deadly cancers like skin cancer.

但是如果它发在某些对症很重要的基因中，比如致基因或肿瘤抑制基因，它会产致命的症，比如皮肤。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫内膜细胞的几种基因突变，包括抑基因PTEN、原基因PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的基因ARID1A。

The result is that the cell receives a constant message to divide. This dominant " gain of function gene" is often called an oncogene.

结果是细胞接收一个恒定的消息进行不断分裂。这种显性的" 获得功能基因" 通常被称为基因。