With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原癌基变为癌基，这些癌基过度刺激细胞生长。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你可以把原癌基是加速器或是油门，把抑癌基是刹车。

Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide.

原癌基，向细胞发出生长和分裂的信号。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

此，癌基或突变的抑癌基使细胞不受控制地增长，导致瘤发生。

Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.

这时，有些促进正常细胞生长的基被称原癌基。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致癌基加速细胞生长增殖，而抑癌基使细胞生长增殖变慢。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭杆菌属是口腔中另引发过度免疫应答、激活癌基的细菌。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状细胞癌产生于经历了基突变的鳞状细胞，基突变可能激活原癌基、或使抑癌基失活。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原癌基（如表皮生长子受体基、RAS基）被激活时，它们就变成了促进细胞分裂的癌基。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这类型的基被称为抗癌基或瘤抑制基。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡细胞生长，还有其它基，称抑癌基，促进突变细胞的凋亡或细胞死亡。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性癌基表达或瘤抑制基丢失时，可发生异常细胞分裂。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫内膜细胞的几基突变，包括抑癌基PTEN、原癌基PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的基ARID1A。

Or they can occur in proto-oncogenes, which normally code for proteins that promote the cell cycle - so they're the cell cycle's accelerator pedal.

基突变也可以发生在原癌基；原癌基的功能是编码促进细胞周期运转的蛋白质，所以它算是细胞周期的“油门”。

Checking for the presence of mutations in a gene can confirm a diagnosis that is based on other clinical presentations.

在癌症的病例中，了解哪个癌基发生了突变以及以什么样的方式发生突变，能够确定最佳治疗方案以及为开发新的治疗方法提供信息。

And this is due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, genes that usually suppress tumor growth, therefore a mutation leads to myocyte overgrowth.

由于TSC1和TSC2抑癌基的突变，这些基通常抑制瘤生长，此此类基突变可导致肌细胞过度生长。

The result is that the cell receives a constant message to divide. This dominant " gain of function gene" is often called an oncogene.

结果是细胞接收个恒定的消息进行不断分裂。这显性的" 获得功能基" 通常被称为癌基。

The genetic mutations found most often in serous carcinoma involve the TP53 gene, another tumor suppressor, and aneuploidy, or an abnormal number of chromosomes after cell division.

浆液性癌最常见的基突变包括TP53基，也是个抑癌基，以及非整倍体，即细胞分裂后染色体数目异常。

They form when there is a mutation in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene or APC gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell growth.

当结肠腺瘤样息肉病（APC）基突变时，结肠腺瘤往往形成；APC基是调控细胞增殖的抑癌基。

Mutations can occur in tumor suppressor genes, which normally code for proteins that stop the cell cycle or promote apoptosis - so they're the cell cycle's very own brake pedal.

基突变可能发生在抑癌基；抑癌基的功能是编码、阻断细胞周期，或促进凋亡的蛋白质，所以它算是细胞周期的“刹车片”。